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Micro & nano-fabrication:
- Physical vapor deposition, PVD: OAD and GLAD techniques
- Chemical synthesis: PE-CVD, ALD, Hydrothermal etc.
- Ball milling
- Spin-coating
- Spray pyrolysis
- Photolithography
- Material processing: annealing, oxidation/ reduction, RIE (reactive ion etching) etc.
Characterization techniques:
- X-ray diffraction (XRD) and texture (pole figure)
- UV-Visible-NIR spectroscopy
- Current-Voltage characterization: Digital and Analog
- Raman & Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- ToF -SIMS (time-of-flight -secondary ion mass spectrometry)
- Electron microscopy: SEM, TEM
- Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy
- Dynamic light scattering: size distribution analysis & Zeta potential
- Dye adsorption characterization: equilibrium adsorption and kinetics
- Linear and non-linear optical characterizations
- Organic dye degradation
- Solar-energy conversion and PEC characterizations: External quantum efficiency (EQE), current-voltage, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperommettery, and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE%); solar water splitting: H2 and O2 generation
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